Abstract:
The electrification of transport sector has reduced the greenhouse gas emissions in many parts of
the world because chargeable vehicles are four to five times more energy effective than fuel
powered vehicles and also they use electricity which comes from renewable energy resources.
This study introduces three basic infrastructures by which charging of PEVs can be done,
these are Distributed, Fast charging and Battery swapping infrastructures. These infrastructures
are studied and compared on the basis of some parameters and it has been found that Distributed
infrastructure shows best results for the charging of PEVs. The other two infrastructures prove
costlier and increase power demand.
Since charging of PEVs leads to increase in demand and if no sort of charging strategy is
installed at the load end then it would simply keep on increasing the demand when vehicles are
plugged in for charging after returning from there last journey of the day. The study focuses on
two smart charging scenarios under the distributed infrastructure, Profit maximization and power
factor control scenarios, the third one i.e. Dumb charging scenario is taken as reference. In
profit maximization, PEVs are charged when electricity prices are low and discharged back to
the grid when prices are high. Since demand and price follows the same pattern, it would flatten
the demand curve with the right choice of parameters. In power factor control, reactive power is
supplied by the batteries in case when voltage at any demand node falls below a certain value
otherwise charging is done as like in dumb charging scenario. In these scenarios a control is
installed whose function is to maintain charging/discharging in case of profit maximization
scenario and regulate the power factor of the process in case of power factor control scenario.
By the help of Simulation and Fuzzy logic, effect of input parameters on the cost curves
for the three infrastructures has been studied. Curves are plotted based on the data sets given in
the appendices.
