Isolation, Antibiotic Susceptibility Test and Plasmid Isolation of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria from Soil Samples

Abstract

Antibiotics are low molecular weight organic compounds which are produced by some microorganisms to prevent growth and inhibit the metabolic activity of other microorganisms. These compounds are not essential for the growth and reproduction of the microbes; instead it is produced as secondary metabolites. These are produced in stationary phase and are released in the surrounding environment. Higher forms of life such as algae, animals and plants also produce antibiotics. In 1929, first antibiotic Penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming. It was discovered by accident when a staphylococci agar plate got contaminated by a mold. The mold colony displayed a clear zone of bacterial inhibition around itself. Sulfonamides and β-lactam antibiotics were discovered by 1930s. This lead to an immense improvement in healthcare and medicines, bacterial infections which were fatal earlier became curable. The antibiotics used in this study to analyze antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from soil samples are penicillin G ,oxacillin, ampicillin (AMP), piperacillin, cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefexime, imipenem (IMP),ertapenem, feropenem (FAR), meropenem (MRP) and doripenem (DOR), Ampicillin (AMP),Cefuroxime (CXM), Cefadroxil (CFR), Augmentin (AMC), Penicillin (P), Cefotaxime (CTX),Cefaclor (CF), Azithromycin (AZM), Erythromycin (E), Cefoperazone (CPZ), Clarithromycin(CLR).These antibiotics belong to beta-lactams & Macrolide antibiotic class of antibiotics. Beta-lactamase by inhibiting synthesis of bacterial cell wall. Penicillin G, oxacillin, ampicillin (AMP) and piperacillin are penicillin class of beta lactam. Penicillin is a group of antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds. Cephalexin, cefuroxime and cefexime are cephalosporins. They are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium. Imipenem (IMP), ertapenem, feropenem (FAR), meropenem (MRP) and doripenem (DOR) are carbapenems. They are bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics that bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). These beta lactams have separate spectrums and efficiencies. Erythromycin (ETP) and azithromycin belong to macrolids group of antibiotics. Macrolids are protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to the bacterial 50S subunit.