EV MARKETS, CHALLENGES AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF LIION BATTERIES FOR SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURES

Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming an increasingly important component of Global Transportation Systems as the energy landscape shifts towards cleaner, lower-carbon forms. Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are given more importance because of the exponential development in the production and sale of EVs. The use of a well-designed BTMS increases the battery's safety and longevity while decreasing expenses. The temperature management of batteries also affects how well they perform under Design and Off-Design operating and environmental circumstances. EVs are also important from the point of view of reducing the Greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector owing to their zero tailpipe emissions and are inherent in the march towards the Net zero by 2070 initiative by the Government of India. For maximum efficiency, a battery needs to operate within a narrow band of temperature ranges, approximately between 288.15K to 318.15K. BTMS provides enhanced heat transfer rates to prevent such extremes of temperatures, outside this zone, from being achieved by the battery which would result in irreversible battery decomposition with regard to its electrolyte and electrodes. The reliability, life, lifetime cost, round-trip efficiency, charge capacity and acceptance of charge by batteries—as well as their ability to store power and energy—are all impacted by temperature, hence BTMS are crucial for maintaining the batteries' optimum performance. The kind of BTMS to be employed, will invariably depend upon the type of Battery, the Operating and Ambient conditions as also, it must consider the heat loads in off-design conditions. The method of Cooling/Heating required will also play an important part in the design aspects of the BTMS. The present work consists of a holistic appreciation of the EV markets, their future, challenges and then further narrows down to improvement in the Battery architecture for its application to low temperature markets. The projection of future market of EVs with their GHG impact with various parameters as well as performance of EVs as compared to other methods of power generation are discussed herein. The Total Cost of ownership model is discussed in a particular case of EV vs ICEV. The work then focuses on the construction and modelling of Self-Heating Lithium-ion Batteries in cases of extreme low temperature climates.