http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/8 Tue, 26 May 2026 08:13:53 GMT 2026-05-26T08:13:53Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20888 Title: FPGA BASED DIGITAL RELAYS Authors: Rao, Balaga Chandrasekhara Abstract: The recent advancement of digital technology is the re-configurable hardware i.e. field programmable gate array (FPGA), programmed by Hardware Description Language (HDL) used for high-speed applications. It has identifications for developing intelligent electronic devices, which are used in the power system components and smart grid applications i.e. fast relay for the protection of the power systems, operation and control asking high computational demand, and parallel processing. Some inherent benefit of the FPGA device is the parallelism of the hardware that increases the execution speed compared to sequential software architecture based technologies. Due to these predominant and some additional features making it more adaptable, are being considered for the protection and control through detection of faults with minimum execution time. The fault detection system on FPGA can be divided into 3 major categories- the communication module, signal processing module & relaying module. The work presented here is relaying module of FPGA based digital relays. It consists of various faults in power system network, symmetrical component analysis, different kinds of relays based on their time of operation and current vs time characteristics of IDMT relay. Followed by block diagrams of IPs generated using Xilinx System Generator. IPs developed are verified using Xilinx Vivado tool. Verification of the modules developed are carried out with sample signals and recording the simulation results that shows the proper operation of them. Tue, 01 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20888 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20849 Title: PROTECTION AND IMPACT OF CONVERTER DOMINATED NETWORKS AND LOW INERTIA SYSTEMS Authors: Agarwal, Vivek Abstract: Microgrids are becoming very crucial in modern power systems due to the increasing use of distributed generation by renewable energy over the fossil fuel-based generation. The distribution system conventionally fed by synchronous generators majorly uses directional and inverse definite minimum time overcurrent relays, which is based on the principle of overcurrent detection. The short circuit faults create low impedance paths resulting in high currents of about 10 times of the rated current to flow through the system. This abnormal rise in currents is detected by overcurrent relays to detect and locate the fault in the system. But in a distribution system or microgrid which is fed completely or having high dominance of renewable energy sources using the inverter interface, this concept of overcurrent detection cannot be used efficiently because the power electronic devices such as IGBTs and Power MOSFETs used in the inverters do not allow the currents of such high magnitudes to flow through them due to their thermal and current carrying limits, also devices with such high limits can be very expensive if available. Hence the need of using new strategies for protection of such systems needs to be developed. Differential protection principle could be used for this purpose efficiently but it is very costly due to the requirement of high bandwidth communications. Hence in this project, fault detection by under voltage principle is proposed, as the voltage decreases at the time of fault and the zero sequence currents increases during ground faults. For undervoltage principle to be used effectively the coordination between relay is a main problem. Communication based methods solve this problem but they are expensive. Hence this report uses voltage based time characteristics that uses local voltage measurements and do not need communication. The strategy works on all kind of DGs, fault types, islanded and grid connected mode of operations. To verify the proposed strategy, a seven bus microgrid is tested in PSCAD. First the characteristics of inverter with LVRT feature and current limiting action in PQ control mode is studied and then, it is modelled as a voltage controlled current source. This model is then used for testing the system in PSCAD. The system is subjected to faults at various location in grid connected and islanded modes of operation. The protection strategy successfully works in all cases. Tue, 01 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20849 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20765 Title: Sliding Mode Control of a Differential Drive Mobile Robot Authors: Prakash, Rudra Abstract: This report presents the sliding mode control (SMC) design of a Differential Drive Mobile Robot (DDMR) following a trajectory using the SMC techniques. Control of DDMR generally follows two approaches, trajectory following, positioning motion. In this report, the kinematic and dynamical models of DDMR are found such that mathematical analysis can be done. The model is nonlinear, and its control needs two state variables of which only one can be measured; another one is estimated with the help of the observer. Particularly to follow any trajectory, we required global coordinates of the path. However, in our application, we neither can sense that nor we measure, so we have to estimate the global coordinates of the path with the help of an observer. In this report, we proposed one of the robust observer sliding mode observer (SMO). Project work includes the designing, analysis and implementation of a nonlinear sliding mode observer. Then we implemented the SMO in place of linear Luenberger observer and verified the model again with MATLAB/Simulink software. While using the SMC approach, we have also analyzed various reaching laws, i.e. constant reaching law and power rate reaching law and found that chattering was significantly reduced because of the power rate reaching law. One modality of movement includes forward movement. To find the proper control action, the Lyapunov theorem for nonlinear systems is applied. Verification of the model, including SMC and SMO, is done with the help of simulation in MATLAB/Simulink software. Results/Diagrams obtained from the simulation are shown in this report. The future work includes hardware implementation of this model. Sat, 01 May 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20765 2021-05-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20764 Title: MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL USING STATE SPACE MODEL Authors: Meena, Raj Kumar Abstract: In this report, basic idea of MPCis introduced. The first step in MPC design is modelling of system. In this work discrete state space model of the system is used and an integrator is added to the system to reduce steady state error. The method of predicting the future output and the optimization method used are explained. MPC design on a single input single output system is done and receding horizon control is implemented. The report also explains dynamics matrix control (DMC). Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20764 2021-07-01T00:00:00Z