http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/30 Tue, 01 Jul 2025 02:50:37 GMT 2025-07-01T02:50:37Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15517 Title: ANALYSING ENGLISH SPELLING ERRORS BY LINGUISTIC FEATURES AMONG HINDI SPEAKING CHILDREN OF THIRD AND FIFTH GRADE Authors: Pandey, Krishna Kumar Abstract: The fundamental concern of education globally as well as in India is to build-up and strengthen children’s literacy skills. However, several national surveys conducted by government as well as non-government agencies and their reports indicate a brewing literacy crisis that exists in spite of various efforts made to counter this. There are umpteen researches on the issue of literacy acquisition, particularly focusing on the English spelling errors of the second language learners as English has become a language of global importance. There is, however, a paucity of research that examines the spelling experiences of Hindi background learners in English as a second language. In this context, this study analyses the nature of spelling errors by linguistic features among Hindi speaking children of third and fifth grade. A very limited number of studies have examined the concurrent impact of multi-level linguistic skills influencing spelling in English as a second language. On the contrary, Spelling entails an amalgamated and simultaneous working of multiple linguistic and socio-cultural factors. Therefore, the theoretical framework of this study has integrated theories from various areas of study, such as linguistics, psychology, and educational sociology. The objective behind constructing this theoretical framework by integrating theories from these disciplines is that it aids in developing a thorough understanding of the second language spelling process. The linguistic theories, hence, inform the nature and identity of the writing systems and the linguistic values of phonemes and graphemes. The same theories also assist in comparing the orthographic densities of both the English and Hindi writing systems. The psychological (educational) theories help in comprehending the complicated characteristics of the spelling development, whereas the concepts of educational sociology aid to understand the culture of learning and the educational settings in which the spelling process materializes. The data for the present study was obtained from sixty students of third and fifth grade. A researcherdesigned spelling test was administered to gather the misspelt words. The standard for selected items of the test was established by adhering to Minimum Levels of Learning (MLL) authorized by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). An embellished version of the Phonological Orthographic Morphological Assessment of Spelling (POMAS) coding system was used to categorize errors into three broader categories namely phonological, orthographic, and morphological categories. These three broader categories were also merged together to get other ii broader categories. The errors categorized within these broader categories were further subcategorized into multiple subcategories which were based on the linguistic features showing qualitative differences within each error. The findings of the study revealed that in both third and fifth grade, the frequency of orthographic errors was highest among all the error categories. The richness in error diversity with multiple subcategorizations substantiated the fact that these children have knowledge about the different aspects of the spelling process. The error patterns indicated that children have tried using both the lexical as well as the non-lexical route to spell structurally heterogeneous words. However, at this level what they lacked is the proper and conventional mastery over the exceptional and irregular spelling norms. The misspellings in error categories like phonological and orthographic ranged from insertion to substitution and omission of vowels and consonants. One of the prominent reasons for these errors was the fact that the letters of English orthography symbolize numerous phonemes and conversely numerous phonemes can have a single letter representation. This experience provided active learners with an option to replace or omit the graphemes within a word. The analysis of the Hindi and the English writing systems showed the distinctive nature of the structural and functional properties they inherit. The nature of the English Writing System (EWS) is alphabetic because it uses phonemes as the minimal phonological unit that connects with graphemes, the minimal orthographic unit. The structural property of the Hindi Writing System (HWS), on the other hand, is such that at one level its minimal phonological unit functions as a syllabary and at the other level the same syllabary breaks into a further minimal phonological unit that represents the value of a single phoneme. The error analysis showed that the properties of the HWS have affected the understanding of learners regarding the English spellings. Children have transferred their L1 orthographic understanding to spell the words, mostly irregular words while using the letters of the EWS. The high orthographic transparency of the HWS was found to be the most crucial factor in influencing the English spellings. The observation of the culture of learning in the classrooms revealed that the concerned teachers mostly prefer the collective assessment which was one of the important educational factors that affected the children’s spellings as they did not get the individual attention for their spelling errors. These children did not get the proper lessons on the structural and functional properties of the iii phonological, orthographic, and morphological units of English spellings that had affected the children’s understanding about the general and exceptional English spelling rules. Moreover, children were encouraged by the teachers to memorize (an important cultural factor) the words having inconsistent sound-symbol correspondences. The pedagogical implications of the present study included that English spelling instructions should be emphasized, particularly focusing on the linguistic differences between English and Hindi. This will help children to understand that every writing system is unique and not necessarily be identical to their first writing system. The understanding of the functional and operational differences between writing systems will help children to overcome the difficulty in second language spellings. Sat, 01 Feb 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15517 2020-02-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15516 Title: ASEAN INDIA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT TRADE INDICATORS AND ANALYSIS OF TRADE CREATION AND TRADE DIVERSION Authors: Khurana, Richa Abstract: From the past three decades, India has witnessed major drifts in its trade policy stance, shifting from a protectionist and a highly regulated economy to a more liberal one. The import substituting regime provided undesirable protection to the domestic industry with effective sealing out of foreign competition. Consequently, the share of Indian economy in world trade dropped from 2.53 per cent in 1947 to a mere 0.4 per cent in 1980 (GOI, TPR 1998)1. A switch in the policy towards liberalization was initiated in the mid-1980s, which gave a required spurt to its exports. This, however, could not be sustained and Indian economy faced severe balance of payment crisis in 1991, with export growth figures quickly plummeting to mere 4 per cent from around 17 per cent registered in preceding years. The economic shock provided a much- needed impetus towards a series of major structural and macroeconomic reforms aimed primarily at easing of restrictions on exports and imports in a phased manner. With this, the stalled liberalization efforts gathered momentum, shaping into a more comprehensive and systematic opening up of the economy in 1991 and after. The reforms aimed at creating conducive environment for achieving rapid increase in exports with the ultimate goal of making trade an engine for achieving higher economic growth (GOI Annual Report, 2000). This economic impulse got reflected in India’s newly envisioned ‘Look East’ policy which was implemented in 1991. The end of Cold War, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, fueled India’s quest for re-establishing its strained relations with the Eastern neighbors (Chatterjee, 2007). The Indian foreign trade policy rapidly sorted to improve interaction with the increasingly globalizing and dynamic Asia. Essential philosophy behind this policy was to increase India’s engagement with its South East and East Asian neighbors by forging closer and deeper economic integration (Chatterjee, 2007; Singh, 2010; Haokip, 2014). Interestingly, these domestic advances were a part of broader developments that were shaping the international scheme of things, further directing India’s trade policy framework in tandem with the world order. With a shift in the American strategy abandoning support for multilateralism, successful integration of Europe and its expansion, change in the economic policy of developing countries, including India, away from import substitution and continued stalemate of talks at multilateral level were some of the key forces encouraging regions of the world, other than Asia, to opt for 1 Share of India’s merchandise exports and imports in world merchandise exports and imports, in 2017, was 1.68 per cent and 2.48 per cent, respectively compared to 12.77 per cent and 10.22 per cent, respectively for China (Trade Profile, WTO, 2018). regionalism as the new measure to foster liberalization process (Frankel et al., 1997; Jayasinghe and Sarker, 2008; Findlay and Urata, 2009; Petri and Plummer, 2016). More recently, the development of complex global value chain (GVC)2 systems, made possible by technology, improved logistics, better information system, stimulated demand for further lower barriers to trade and shaped the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) landscape we face today (Petri et al., 2015). The compounding numbers of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) notified to WTO provide formal evidence in support of their growing significance. Over a span of 40 years, from 1948- 1994, GATT received notifications for 124 RTAs in all (Findlay and Urata, 2009), while since the commencement of WTO in 1995 there have been over 400 additional notifications (including goods and services) of RTAs till date with 459 RTAs in force3, of which 253 were FTAs. Their rising importance can be re-emphasized by the fact that since June 2016, all WTO members have notified participation in at least one RTA in force and continue to involve in new RTA negotiations. Besides increasing in numbers, they have evolved to be deeper and more complex in nature. The inclusion of new policy areas such as services trade, foreign investment, intellectual property, technical barriers to trade, dispute settlement and regulatory regimes, reflect more ambitious approach of these agreements and increasing globalization of the world economy (Dee and Gali, 2005). Although a latecomer, economically important Asia has emerged at the forefront of the global FTA activity. Asia’s progressive regionalization alongside rapid liberalization, outward oriented development strategies, infrastructure investment and upgrading human capital has transformed the region from underdeveloped backwaters into a global factory (Kawai and Wignaraja, 2011). The emerging world economic structure and India’s own march towards liberalization played a key role in shaping India’s policy stance in favor of regionalism (GOI, 2017)4. Initially, India adopted a very cautious and guarded approach to regionalism5 and engaged in only few 2 GVCs refer to the international fragmentation of production i.e. where different stages of production and assembly are located in multiple countries, with each step-in process adding value to the final product (WTO, OECD). Accessed from: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/global-value-chains 3 WTO statistics on RTAs are based on notification requirements rather than on physical number of RTAs. Thus, for an RTA that includes both goods and services, WTO counts two notifications (one for goods and the other services), even though it is physically one RTA. 4 http://mea.gov.in/aseanindia/20-years.htm. Accessed as on 20th January 2018 5 Its stand on regional groupings was that they must fully conform with and support the rules of the multilateral system (WTO, TPR 1998). bilateral/regional arrangements mainly through Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) (GOI, Economic Survey 2005-06, 06-07). India's initial regional trade engagements were the Bangkok Agreement (1975), the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP, 1988), and the SAARC PTA (SAPTA, 1993). India also received preferential treatment under Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) schemes6. However, keeping pace with the developments all around, the earlier dormant India rigorously started pursuing its trade integration efforts as a means to foster liberalization, within the framework of multilateral rules, besides its ongoing autonomous trade reforms (GOI, TPR 2011)7. Real fillip to India’s RTA initiatives began in 2000s as India negotiated bilateral and regional trade agreements with several countries and groups. As on August 2018, the negotiations in various kinds of agreements8 are underway with 20 countries and groups together while agreements with 18 countries have already been concluded (MOC)9. Its major initiatives with groups include SAFTA, APTA, GSTP, BIMSTEC, AFTA, EU, MERCOSUR10 along with bilateral ties with many countries. However, of the concluded RTAs, ASEAN is the strongest contender. Ten dynamic markets of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, form the Association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN). The region merits attention for a plenty of economic and strategic reasons: (i) ASEAN is the largest and the first regional trading block with which India had signed an FTA (Singh, 2010, Joseph and George, 2014) providing India with the opportunity to access wider markets (ii) The centrality of ASEAN in the Asian region has attracted the attention of our policy makers to shift their focus towards this vibrant region (iii) Stalled growth prospects with South Asian neighbors and rising threat from China provided impetus to pursue further engagements with the South-East 6Schemes of Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, the European Union, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Poland, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, and the United States. 7 Another push towards regionalism, on the one hand was the uncertainty of arriving at any consensus on multilateral liberalization, and on the other was the recognition that RTAs would continue to feature prominently in world trade for a long time. 8 These include besides FTAs, Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreements (CECA), Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). 9 http://commerce.gov.in/InnerContent.aspx?Type=InternationalTrademenu&Id=32. Accessed from Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOC) as on August 2018. . Asian nations (iv) India’s relationship with ASEAN is the foundation of the dynamic “Act East” policy, which was officially enunciated in 2014 and is a key pillar of India’s foreign policy. ASEAN India relations stepped up from sectoral dialogue partnership in 1992 to a full dialogue partnership in December 1995, elevating further to Summit level partnership in 2002 and naturally progressing into Strategic partnership in 2012. In 2003, at the second ASEAN India Summit, the ASEAN-India Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation was signed which laid sound basis for the both the parties to enter into a free trade agreement (FTA)11. With this in effect, the consistent efforts toward forming an FTA with the region, however, only materialized in 2009, after six years of rigorous negotiations, and got implemented on January 1, 2010. It would be interesting to note that India and ASEAN jointly create a market of approximately 1.85 billion people with GDP of US $ 4.5 trillion in 2017. ASEAN is India’s fourth largest trading partner. India's trade with ASEAN has increased to US$ 70 billion in 2016-17 from US$ 65 billion in 2015-16. India's export to ASEAN has increased to US$ 30 billion in 2016-17 from US$ 25 billion in 2015-16 (GOI MEA, 2018)12. Coupled with these figures, the fact that it is India’s first FTA with regional block, ASEAN-India relations assume importance. Post the establishment of an FTA, it is important to take stock of its trade and welfare effects. The economic assessment that follows the implementation of an FTA is a major part of its monitoring process (Cheong, 2010). No definite consensus on the effect of FTA has made its impact assessment, majorly, an empirical issue. There are various aspects to analyzing the trade effects of an FTA, for instance, its utilization rate, coverage rate and so on, however, the Vinerarian concepts of Trade Creation (TC) and Trade Diversion (TD) remain at the heart of any such analysis. The extent of TC or TD that a free trade block leads to, is indicative of the static welfare effects of actual patterns of regionalization (Haveman and Hummels 1998). It is important to measure these effects for effective policy making primarily because TD poses a risk and renders the agreement economically inefficient (Robertson and Estevadeordal 2009). Following suite, this study also focuses on the estimation of these core aspects while evaluating the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement. Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15516 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15499 Title: LIFESTYLE DISEASES AND WOMEN: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF JAMMU Authors: Sharma, Swati Abstract: Lifestyle related diseases often referred to as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) which are chronic in nature. For the purpose of this study, term ‘lifestyle disease’ has been selected as this study centers around the behavioural practices of the respondents who have been interviewed. Main objectives which are dealt with in the study are to analyzing the social impact of lifestyle diseases on the lives of the respondents, to study their role as a family caretaker and as a care provider of the family, role of environmental factors and health seeking behavior of the respondents. Mixed method technique has been employed, in which qualitative data, collected by interviewing female patients suffering from PCOS, T2DM (Type2 Diabetes Mellitus) and CVDs, is tabulated to gain in-depth understanding of the experiences and approach of the respondents towards these diseases. Study intends to apply theoretical framework of the sick role, social constructivism and stigma to examine these diseases. Stigmatising nature of PCOS respondents to abstain from discussing about it openly even with their family members. It is because of not being ‘female’ enough that women get subjected to stigma in the society, which reaffirms their feeling of being incomplete. Knowledge construction and health seeking behaviour was also found to be taking place at familial level where onset of symptoms in one member made other member to timely opt for doctoral consultation. Conversations and exchange of knowledge by discussing personal experiences acted as main source of knowledge construction and dissemination in case of different manifestations of PCOS (oligomenorrhea, infertility etc.). However, absence of one single term to define their state was also a cause of distress which requires some special efforts to educate and disseminate biomedical information about the onset and management of PCOS. It can finally be argued that challenges posed by PCOS are more social in nature than physical. Diabetic patients said that there was nothing much to worry about it as diabetes was all about abstaining from one’s favourite food or experiencing excessive urination or parching of mouth. Sick role acquisition in the case of diabetic women was very poor, and that was mainly due to the meaning which they and their family members provided to it. Their lived experiences generated a common discourse which postulated that diabetes does not need any special care or attention. However, such meanings keep on changing with the change in the experience and future consequences of the disease. In the case of women who are the primary caretaker of the family, process of this change of meaning is even slower as they keep on prioritising need of iii their family over their own health. It is due to this reason that they tend to act what Parsons (1975) called ‘Hyperchondriac.’ The semantics generated during the course of doctor-patient discussions had a strong impression on the knowledge production related to diabetes and its management. This shows that discourse leads to knowledge production, and provides patients and their fiduciary with the power to choose their own course of treatment. This meaning may or may not be in line with the medically approved method of diabetes care. Study of women suffering from CVDs was analysed majorly by employing Foucauldian concept of ‘Technologies of Self’, in which he emphasises on the role of lifestyle factors in the management of a disease. However, before opting for these technologies, women look upon themselves as socially undesirable. It is only due to the meaning which these women have given to themselves, they follow all the instructions given by their doctor diligently so that they could make themselves socially desirable and get rid of the image of being a burden for the family. Role of fiduciaries was also found to be very crucial in the management of the lifestyle of a CVD patient in general and women in particular. Fiduciaries, whether they are family, friends, doctors or relatives, create an institutional pressure on the patient to acquire sick role. Many respondents in the study admitted opting for workout or to eat as per their health requirement, only after certain kind of familial pressure. This is how social institutions act as agents of social control in the field of health by recognising undesirability of an ill state and then by motivating ill persons to work towards regaining or managing their health. In the end, it can be argued that management of lifestyle diseases is more of a social compulsion than being a physiological need for these women. Age of the onset of lifestyle diseases has a major role to play in determining social impact of the disease. If an adolescent or a young woman gets affected by any such kind of disease, it becomes a stigma for her. Another determinant of a lifestyle disease and patients’ (or of their fiduciaries’) approach towards it, gets reflected in the way it is being represented in everyday discourse. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15499 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15459 Title: REPRESENTATION OF SPORTSPERSONS IN LITERATURE AND CINEMA Authors: Choudhary, Mukesh Abstract: The present thesis entitled Representation of Sportspersons in Literature and Cinema attempts to explore the cultural dimensions of Sports and their professionals as a product of a given civilization during its onward march over the ages. The thesis argues in favour of analyzing the cultural factors being responsible for the growth and control of games and sports as integral components of human civilization. Slightly deviating from the predominant academic norms and discourse around the study of Sports as a subject of research, this research takes a different view on the area of Sports studies. Thus, by way of exploring some of the hitherto untrodden territories or the ones not much touched upon so far, a detailed analysis of cultural products like Literature and Cinema finds due consideration in this study which seeks to establish the cultural roots as far more important than their mere presentation as a ‘scientific’ product. No doubt, sports are predominantly a subject of ‘Physical Education’ but their cultural ramifications cannot be overlooked under a surveilling gaze and lenses of Science. Divided into five chapters namely, Introduction; Approaching Human Situation the ‘Purush Way’: Dhyan Chand’s GOAL and Milkha Singh’s THE RACE OF MY LIFE; Approaching Human Situation the ‘Prakriti Way’: Mary Kom’s UNBREAKABLE and Sania Mirza’s ACE AGAINST ODDS; Sports and Bollywood; and finally, Conclusion—the thesis explores some of the key cultural issues including race, ethnicity and gender in terms of their impact on the shaping of sports as also on the psychology of the sportspersons in their role as humans with all their qualities of head and heart. Since the thesis relates itself more to the realm of art and culture instead of claiming any kinship with pure ‘reason’ or what we say Science, it draws its strength in exploring the more subtle, the unconscious and abstract precincts of not just the human existence in terms of eternal values cherished by each of the individual sportsmen chosen for this study while their inner selves finding an artful representation in their autobiographies. More importantly, the present study claims to explore the ‘unconscious’ (to use a Freudian term) labyrinths of Sports as a cultural activity through an academic analysis of the four autobiographies representing the mind and the vision of these individuals in particular and the sportspersons in general. Similarly, since the cinema has grown up as a popular medium of communication, the study has appropriately included as many as four films depicting different sports and their practitioners with a view to analyzing their acceptance and relevance in terms of their potential for mass appeal. The purpose of this selection is to inquire into the issues related to production as well as reception of sports as a cultural artefact with its potential for influencing the masses. Sun, 01 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/15459 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z