http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/19283 Fri, 06 Nov 2026 08:56:05 GMT 2026-11-06T08:56:05Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/21767 Title: Investigation of different electrolytes on the electrochemical behaviour of Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) Authors: Tomar, Akshay Abstract: The accelerating global demand for sustainable and high-efficiency energy storage systems has catalysed intensive research into next-generation technologies that address the limitations of conventional batteries and capacitors. Among these, supercapacitors have emerged as pivotal components in bridging the gap between high energy density and high power density requirements. Their unique capability for rapid charge-discharge cycles, long operational lifespans, and environmental adaptability renders them highly promising for diverse applications, including electric mobility, renewable energy integration, aerospace systems, and smart electronics. However, challenges such as relatively low energy density and material instability under prolonged cycling persist, necessitating the development of novel electrode materials and electrolyte systems with superior electrochemical and mechanical performance. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), particularly in their two-dimensional (2D) forms, have garnered considerable interest as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. These materials, represented by the general formula MX2 (where M is a transition metal and X is a chalcogen), exhibit a unique lamellar structure that allows for facile ion intercalation, high surface-to-volume ratio, and tunable electronic properties. Notably, their polymorphic versatility, with phases ranging from semiconducting 2H to metallic 1T and distorted 1T ', enables the tailoring of their electrical conductivity and redox activity. This thesis investigates the electrochemical potential of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) and modified molybdenum diselenide (Mo15Se19) as next-generation electrode materials for supercapacitors, with a special emphasis on the role of electrolytes and synthesis methodologies in modulating their charge storage performance. The present research is structured around four primary objectives: (i) Fabrication of tungsten diselenide based thin film electrodes using a single step additive or binder free DC sputtering technique and analysis of electrochemical compatibility, (ii) Electrochemical study of tungsten diselenide based supercapacitors in different aqueous electrolytes containing alkali metal cations, (iii) Impact of pH on the Electrochemical Properties of WSe2 Nano-cauliflowers: A Comparative Study of Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Electrolytes, (iv) Modification of bulk MoSe2 to defect rich Molybdenum rich Mo15Se19 based thin films for enhanced electrochemical performance. These objectives are addressed through an integrative experimental strategy encompassing advanced synthesis, detailed structural characterization, and rigorous electrochemical testing. Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/21767 2025-06-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20186 Title: SYNTHESIS & STUDY OF METAL DIELECTRIC THIN FILMS FOR OPTICAL COMPONENTS AND DEVICES Authors: Mahendra, Rouchin Abstract: Thin film technology is an extensive area of study that deals with surface modifications of coatings in respect to the bulk. Thin film technology covers a wide variety of thicknesses, ranging from a few nanometers to a few microns. Optical thin films embrace the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the underlying multilayer thin-film structure. A thin film must be within a particular thickness range, often a few tens of nanometers, in order to be used in optics. Depending on the application, optical thin films can have a broad range of compositions, ranging from metallic to dielectric materials such as oxide, oxynitrides, or nitrides. In the realm of light management, optical thin films are frequently used in products that operate in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelength range, such as mirrors, lenses, optical windows, beamsplitters, filters, etc. In this case, the role of the thin film is to alter the reflection, transmission, and refraction of light with respect to the behaviour of the bare substrate. In this thesis, I am only intrigued by the use of thin film in optics, primarily optical thin-film for electro-optical (EO) systems. I emphasized on the application of thin film in the development of optical filters such as linear variable optical filters and dichroic coatings for beam splitters for different EO systems. In the military, paramilitary, intelligence, security, aerospace, and space applications, electrooptic sensors are frequently utilized. The use for visible and infrared imaging technology includes telescopes, satellite imaging systems, laser processing systems, missile seekers, infrared cameras. The optical, electronic, and mechanical modules constitute the electro-optical systems. The electrical module is made up of detectors, an electronics card, a power supply, etc., whereas the optical module is consisting of an entire optical system. Engineers simulate how a sensor can detect and identify objects at a distance under varied optical conditions while designing electro-optic systems. Environmental variables such atmospheric interference, background temperature, obscurants on the battlefield, and visible and invisible light levels are taken into account when modelling performance for object detection and recognition. The optical module consists of large number of optical components, and the performance of the optical system depends upon the performance of thin film coating for individual components. If we consider an EO system which has a visible sensor only and consists of ten optical components made of borosilicate glass. The transmission output of the optical module with uncoated optics will be only 43% of the input radiance There is a loss of 57% in the transmission output. Now if we perform anti-reflection coating on all the surface of optics, with a maximum transmission of 99% on single optics. The performance of the optics module will now be 90% of the input radiance. The performance of the optics module in the infrared region become more worst when using uncoated optics. If we consider an EO system which has only two silicon optics components. The uncoated single silicon optics will transmit 54% of the input radiation. The performance of the infrared optics module will be only 29% of the input radiance. Only 29% of the input radiance reaches the infrared sensor. The anti-reflection coating on the silicon optics in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) region can improve the transmission from 54% to 97%. Thus, the performance of the same system will now be 94%. There are different kind of filters where optical thin film places an important role in the performance of the imaging or detection systems. In the present thesis we have highlighted two different kinds of filters where thin film plays an important role in defining the performance of the EO systems. The first one is linear variable optical filter and another important filter for any EO system is beam-splitter. Sun, 01 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20186 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20079 Title: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED METAL NITRIDE ELECTRODES FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS Authors: Ravikant Abstract: Developing new materials with high performance is essential to obtain efficient electrochemical energy storage devices. The excellent properties of nano-materials provide unique opportunities to achieve highly efficient electrochemical energy storage devices such as Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. The physical properties, such as a large surface area and novel size effects of nanostructured materials, highly improve the efficiency of such electrochemical energy storage devices. Nanostructured materials are becoming essential in developing electrochemical storage devices. In recent years, enormous research has been done to design and develop energy storage devices based on nanostructure materials, including supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, to fulfill the energy requirement for current and next-generation. Among all these energy storage devices, the electrochemical supercapacitor is considered an intermediate between batteries and conventional capacitors due to its long life span, high power density, and good charging/discharging characteristics. Supercapacitors are of two types; the first is known as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC), which store charge by adsorbing electrons onto the electrolyte-electrode double layer, whereas the second is pseudo-capacitors store the charge by faradic and non-faradaic mechanisms. Like the battery, a complete supercapacitor device has four main parts: cathode (positive electrode), anode (negative electrode), electrolyte, and separator. Among four, active electrodes finalize the performance and cost of the SCs, and nanostructured functional materials proved to be a worthy choice. In the current scenario, transition metal oxide, carbides, nitrides, and phosphides-based electrodes have gotten enormous attention due to their unique physio-chemical properties such as hardness, chemical durability, high conductivity, wear, and corrosion resistance. These properties make them encouraging and promising electrode materials for application purposes in SCs. The main problem in most oxide-active materials is their relatively low electrical conductivity, obstructing their performance rate. Non-oxide functional materials with ultra-hydrophilicity and high conductivity, including sulfides and carbides, have a significant drawback because their maximum sweep rate is limited to 1 Vs−1. Metal nitrides, such as titanium nitride (TiN), demonstrate excellent hardness, higher conductivity, and stability than their respective carbides (TiC) and offer high-energy storage. Tue, 01 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/20079 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/19543 Title: FABRICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED METAL OXIDE THIN FILMS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC AND ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES Authors: Malik, Gaurav Abstract: Na􀁑􀁒-􀁗ech􀁑􀁒l􀁒g􀁜 i􀁖 a􀁑 i􀁑􀁗e􀁕di􀁖ci􀁓li􀁑a􀁕􀁜 a􀁕e􀁑a 􀁒f 􀁓h􀁜􀁖ic􀁖 a􀁑d 􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial 􀁖cie􀁑ce f􀁒􀁕 􀁗he 􀁖􀁜􀁑􀁗he􀁖i􀁖 􀁒f 􀁑a􀁑􀁒-􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖. Thi􀁖 b􀁕a􀁑ch i􀁖 i􀁑􀁗e􀁑ded 􀁗􀁒 c􀁒􀁐􀁓􀁕ehe􀁑d 􀁗he i􀁐􀁓􀁒􀁕􀁗a􀁑􀁗 􀁓􀁕􀁒􀁓e􀁕􀁗ie􀁖 a􀁑d 􀁗he fab􀁕ica􀁗i􀁒􀁑 􀁒f 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁖􀁗􀁕􀁘c􀁗􀁘􀁕e􀁖 i􀁑 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖. I􀁑 la􀁖􀁗 􀁗h􀁕ee decade􀁖, 􀁖e􀁙e􀁕al di􀁖c􀁒􀁙e􀁕ie􀁖 ha􀁙e bee􀁑 􀁐ade i􀁑 􀁗he field 􀁒f 􀁑a􀁑􀁒-􀁖cie􀁑ce i􀁑 􀁗e􀁕􀁐􀁖 􀁒f 􀁖􀁜􀁑􀁗he􀁖i􀁖 􀁒f 􀁘􀁑i􀁔􀁘e 􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖 a􀁑d 􀁗hei􀁕 􀁘􀁗ili􀁝a􀁗i􀁒􀁑 f􀁒􀁕 􀁙a􀁕i􀁒􀁘􀁖 a􀁓􀁓lica􀁗i􀁒􀁑􀁖. N􀁘􀁐e􀁕􀁒􀁘􀁖 e􀁛􀁓e􀁕i􀁐e􀁑􀁗al 􀁖􀁜􀁖􀁗e􀁐􀁖 ha􀁙e bee􀁑 i􀁑􀁙e􀁑􀁗ed f􀁒􀁕 􀁗he 􀁖􀁜􀁑􀁗he􀁖i􀁖 􀁒f 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖 􀁚i􀁗h 􀁘􀁑i􀁔􀁘e a􀁑d de􀁖i􀁕ed 􀁓􀁕􀁒􀁓e􀁕􀁗ie􀁖. The􀁖e e􀁛􀁓e􀁕i􀁐e􀁑􀁗al 􀁗ech􀁑i􀁔􀁘e􀁖 ha􀁙e gi􀁙e􀁑 bi􀁕􀁗h 􀁗􀁒 􀁙a􀁕i􀁒􀁘􀁖 ki􀁑d 􀁒f 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖, 􀁗􀁜􀁓icall􀁜 di􀁐e􀁑􀁖i􀁒􀁑ali􀁗􀁜 (D) cla􀁖􀁖ified i􀁑􀁗􀁒 􀁗h􀁕ee cla􀁖􀁖e􀁖: 0, 1, 2 a􀁑d 3-D. 0-D 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁖􀁗􀁕􀁘c􀁗􀁘􀁕e􀁖, 􀁚he􀁕e 􀁗he 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁓a􀁕􀁗icle􀁖 a􀁕e i􀁖􀁒la􀁗ed f􀁕􀁒􀁐 each 􀁒􀁗he􀁕 􀁖􀁘ch a􀁖 􀁔􀁘a􀁑􀁗􀁘􀁐 d􀁒􀁗􀁖 [1, 4]. 1- D 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁖􀁗􀁕􀁘c􀁗􀁘􀁕e􀁖, 􀁚he􀁕e a􀁗 lea􀁖􀁗 􀁒􀁑e 􀁒f 􀁗he D d􀁕i􀁙e􀁖 i􀁑 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁖cale 􀁕a􀁑ge (􀁑􀁐) a􀁕e highl􀁜 􀁘􀁗ili􀁝ed i􀁑 􀁐􀁘l􀁗i􀁓􀁘􀁕􀁓􀁒􀁖e a􀁓􀁓lica􀁗i􀁒􀁑􀁖 [5]. 2-D 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁖􀁗􀁕􀁘c􀁗􀁘􀁕e􀁖, 􀁚he􀁕e 􀁗hi􀁑 fil􀁐􀁖 lie i􀁑 􀁗he 2 D 􀁖􀁗􀁕􀁘c􀁗􀁘􀁕e􀁖 a􀁕e 􀁙e􀁕􀁜 􀁘􀁖ef􀁘l i􀁑 􀁑a􀁑􀁒-de􀁙ice a􀁓􀁓lica􀁗i􀁒􀁑􀁖 [6-8] a􀁑d 3-D 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖 i􀁑cl􀁘de 􀁓􀁒􀁚de􀁕􀁖, 􀁐􀁘l􀁗ila􀁜e􀁕􀁖 e􀁗c. Se􀁐ic􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗i􀁑g 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖 a􀁕e 􀁒􀁑e 􀁒f 􀁗he 􀁙al􀁘ed cla􀁖􀁖 􀁒f 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖. A 􀁖e􀁐ic􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗􀁒􀁕 (SC) i􀁖 a 􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial 􀁚i􀁗h elec􀁗􀁕icall􀁜 ac􀁗i􀁙e i􀁑 􀁐ag􀁑i􀁗􀁘de be􀁗􀁚ee􀁑 i􀁑􀁖􀁘la􀁗􀁒􀁕 a􀁑d c􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗􀁒􀁕􀁖. The􀁜 ha􀁙e g􀁒􀁙e􀁕􀁑ed a 􀁐aj􀁒􀁕 􀁕􀁒le i􀁑 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁖cie􀁑ce a􀁑d 􀁑a􀁑􀁒-􀁗ech􀁑􀁒l􀁒g􀁜 􀁓􀁕􀁒g􀁕e􀁖􀁖i􀁑g 􀁕e􀁖ea􀁕ch, 􀁕e􀁖􀁘l􀁗i􀁑g 􀁑􀁒􀁙el cla􀁖􀁖e􀁖 􀁒f SC􀁖. U􀁖􀁘all􀁜, c􀁘􀁕􀁕e􀁑􀁗 c􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗i􀁒􀁑 i􀁑 c􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗􀁒􀁕􀁖 i􀁖 c􀁒􀁑􀁖ide􀁕ed beca􀁘􀁖e 􀁒f elec􀁗􀁕􀁒􀁑􀁖 􀁒􀁑l􀁜 b􀁘􀁗 i􀁑 􀁖e􀁐ic􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗􀁒􀁕􀁖, i􀁗 i􀁖 affec􀁗ed b􀁜 b􀁒􀁗h elec􀁗􀁕􀁒􀁑 a􀁖 􀁚ell a􀁖 h􀁒le ac􀁗i􀁙i􀁗ie􀁖. A􀁑 􀁘􀁑c􀁒􀁑􀁗a􀁐i􀁑a􀁗ed 􀁖e􀁐ic􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗􀁒􀁕 i􀁖 􀁑a􀁐ed a􀁖 i􀁑􀁗􀁕i􀁑􀁖ic 􀁖e􀁐ic􀁒􀁑d􀁘c􀁗􀁒􀁕. The elec􀁗􀁕ical 􀁓􀁕􀁒􀁓e􀁕􀁗ie􀁖 􀁒f SC ca􀁑 be al􀁗e􀁕ed i􀁑 a c􀁒􀁑􀁗􀁕􀁒lled 􀁚a􀁜 b􀁜 􀁗he addi􀁗i􀁒􀁑 􀁒f 􀁙e􀁕􀁜 􀁐i􀁑􀁒􀁕 a􀁐􀁒􀁘􀁑􀁗􀁖 􀁒f diffe􀁕e􀁑􀁗 􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖 􀁑a􀁐ed d􀁒􀁓a􀁑􀁗􀁖. Thi􀁖 field i􀁖 􀁓􀁕edic􀁗able 􀁗􀁒 􀁒􀁓e􀁑 􀁑e􀁚 􀁒􀁓􀁓􀁒􀁕􀁗􀁘􀁑i􀁗ie􀁖 f􀁒􀁕 􀁖cie􀁑ce a􀁖 􀁚ell a􀁖 􀁗ech􀁑􀁒l􀁒g􀁜 [9, 10]. S􀁜􀁑􀁗he􀁖i􀁖 a􀁑d 􀁗he a􀁓􀁓lica􀁗i􀁒􀁑 􀁓a􀁕􀁗 􀁒f 􀁗he 􀁐e􀁗al 􀁒􀁛ide 􀁑a􀁑􀁒􀁖􀁗􀁕􀁘c􀁗􀁘􀁕e􀁖 i􀁖 􀁒􀁑e 􀁒f 􀁗he 􀁖􀁓ecial cla􀁖􀁖, 􀁚hich bel􀁒􀁑g 􀁗􀁒 􀁑a􀁑􀁒-􀁗ech􀁑􀁒l􀁒g􀁜. Me􀁗al 􀁒􀁛ide􀁖 ha􀁙e bee􀁑 􀁓􀁕􀁒􀁙ed 􀁗􀁒 be 􀁓􀁒􀁗e􀁑􀁗ial ca􀁑dida􀁗e f􀁒􀁕 a 􀁙a􀁕ie􀁗􀁜 􀁒f 􀁕eal- 􀁚􀁒􀁕ld a􀁓􀁓lica􀁗i􀁒􀁑􀁖. The e􀁛celle􀁑􀁗 􀁓h􀁜􀁖ical, che􀁐ical a􀁑d 􀁗he􀁕􀁐al 􀁖􀁗abili􀁗􀁜 􀁒f 􀁗he􀁖e 􀁐a􀁗e􀁕ial􀁖 all􀁒􀁚 􀁗he􀁐 􀁗􀁒 be e􀁛􀁗e􀁑􀁖i􀁙el􀁜 􀁘􀁖ed i􀁑 􀁙a􀁕i􀁒􀁘􀁖 f􀁘􀁑da􀁐e􀁑􀁗al a􀁑d 􀁗ech􀁑ical a􀁓􀁓lica􀁗i􀁒􀁑􀁖 [11-15]. Sat, 01 Feb 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/19543 2020-02-01T00:00:00Z