http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/109 2026-04-24T12:55:14Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/18779 Title: LIGNIN VALORIZATION: OPTIMIZING PHOTOCATALYSIS PROCESS FOR ENHANCED LIGNIN DEGRADATION Authors: Shukla, Utkarsh Abstract: This thesis investigates the photocatalytic degradation of lignin using the Photocatalysis process, aiming to elucidate optimal conditions for lignin valorization. The study investigates the impact of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) concentrations on lignin degradation efficiency. In respect to H2O2 concentration with time variation results show that the highest efficiency is achieved at 50 minutes and 150 mM H2O2 but the lignin degraded compounds are detected at 30mM and 50mM. The study also reveals increasing lignin degradation with FeSO4.7H2O concentration over time keeping H2O2 concentration constant at 50 mM , highlighting the complexity of the degradation process .The maximum degradation is achieved at 0.5 gm FeSO4.7H2O concentration at 60 min with 50mM H2O2 .Response surface methodology (RSM) modeling shows a curvilinear relationship with 33.04% degradation between time and H2O2 concentration and nonlinear relationship with 93.71% degradation between FeSO4.7H2O with time keeping constant H2O2 concentration. Furthermore, under optimized conditions of H2O2 and FeSO4.7H2O, varying lignin concentrations still resulted in lignin degradation, highlighting the robustness of the photocatalytic process. UPLC-MS-QTOF analysis reveals the presence of lignin-derived compounds like Syringaldehyde, p-Coumaric acid, Cinnamic Acid etc. Overall, this thesis provides valuable insights into the optimization of photocatalytic conditions for lignin degradation. 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/18713 Title: MODELING BASED SCALE-UP FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION Authors: Deb, Shovan Abstract: Bioethanol was produced from synthetic xylose using Pichia stipitis as a microorganism (with this aim that it would be done with 2nd generation of bioethanol hydrolysate).in this work scale-up process from 1 L reactor to 5 L reactor is performed where constant oxygen mass transfer rate (kLa), constant tip speed (tm) and constant power per volume (P/V) were evaluated as scale up strategies under laboratory condition. Initially, the culture condition is optimized at the flask level. In a 250 ml flask with a 50 ml working volume of media, Pichia stipitis has been cultured and some studies have been done to optimize carbon and nitrogen sources. After getting the expected culture condition and product concentration. 1 L reactor was undertaken as a culture vessel and checked the culture in different RPMs on 0.1 vvm to see where it mimics the flask level condition. It was found that at 400 RPM 0.1 vvm the kLa is the best-performing kLa in a 1 L reactor with an ethanol yield (YE/S) 0.429 g/g & ethanol productivity 0.91 g/Lh. Scale-up strategies are selected which are constant kLa, Constant power per volume (P/V) & constant tip speed (vtip). Equations-based scale-up modeling has been done where vvm was taken as constant to get constant kLa, Constant power per volume (P/V) & constant tip speed (vtip) in the 5 L reactor. In 5 L bioreactor at 310 rpm kLa was found by the equation reported 15.84 (1/h) was close by to 17.6 (1/h) kLa which was found in 400 rpm in the 1 L bioreactor. By comparing with other scale-up strategies like constant p/v & vtip, its observed that the constant kLa scale-up strategy produces the best results with the highest ethanol yield (YE/S) 0.453 g/g & ethanol productivity 0.88 g/Lh. 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/18712 Title: NON-VOLATILE AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY APPLE LEAVES AND THEIR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST APPLE SCAB FUNGUS VENTURIA INAEQUALIS Authors: Mansi Abstract: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) is the most common and most devastating disease in apple cultivation. Fruits and leaves are mostly attacked leading to major economic losses upto 70% of the production value. Therefore, it is very important to control its infection. Frequent application of fungicides throughout the season is the primary technique for controlling scabs, but it results in the mutation of the Venturia strain and evolution of fungicide-resistant strains. Additionally, they increase production costs, and many fungicides are broad spectrum meaning they target a wide range of fungi including both harmful and beneficial fungi. Moreover, these fungicides can have residual effects and toxicity on the environment and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on and introduce new strategies for controlling apple scab infection that are cost-effective, environment friendly, and highly effective. There are apple varieties that are resistant to apple scab, so we hypothesized that there will be difference in the metabolomic profile and volatile profiling of resistant and susceptible cultivar of apple. Information derived from this study provided new insights on different metabolites in apples having a role in providing resistance against apple scab disease. Following the identification of differential volatiles between susceptible and resistant apple cultivars, we primed the susceptible cultivar with the identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) before subjecting the primed plants to infection by Venturia inaequalis, to check whether the volatile can induce resistance in the primed plant. In future, it will empower farmers and agricultural professionals to substitute plant-based compounds for fungicides in their practices. 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/18711 Title: MAGNETITE DECORATED MXENE SHEET NANOHYBRID BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOSENSOR FOR ORAL CANCER BIOMARKER DETECTION Authors: Choramle, Manali Abstract: Herein, we report the development of facile, non-invasive, label free, affordable, and innovative electrochemical based screen printed immunosensor for identifying the CYFRA 21-1, an established and crucial biomarker for oral cancer. Till now, no work is reported utilizing titanium carbide Ti3C2 MXene nanosheet and L-cysteine (L-cyst) functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) nanohybrid based immunosensor as the electrode material, offering enhanced surface area and conductivity for oral cancer detection in saliva sample. The L-cyst functionalized magnetite NPs adorned Ti3C2 MXene sheet was synthesized via co-precipitation method and later deposited on gold-based screen printed electrode (GSPE) for CYFRA 21-1 biomarker diagnosis in artificial saliva sample. The L-cyst Magnetite/Ti3C2 MXene/GSPE was then surface immobilized with monoclonal antibodies (Anti-CYFRA 21-1) to fabricate Anti- CYFRA 21-1/L-Cyst Magnetite/Ti3C2 MXene/GSPE immunosensor and the non-specific locations of immunosensor were covered by utilizing bovine serum albumin (BSA). The spectroscopic, morphological, and structural analysis of the synthesized L-cyst Magnetite/Ti3C2 MXene nanohybrid and the fabricated electrodes were done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, HRTEM, FESEM-EDX, and XRD. The findings of electrochemical sensing studies performed on BSA/Anti-CYFRA 21-1/L-Cyst Magnetite NPs/Ti3C2 MXene/GSPE immunosensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). At last, this fabricated immunosensor has shown excellent limit of detection (LOD) 0.023 ng mL-1, linear detection range of (0.5-30) ng mL-1, the sensitivity of immunosensor measures at 277.28 μA (ng/mL)-1 cm-2 and limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.618 ng mL-1 for electrochemical CYFRA 21-1 determination. Hence, this L-Cyst Magnetite NPs/ Ti3C2 MXene nanohybrid could be explored as a potential candidate for determining other cancer biomarkers also. 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z