DSpace Community:http://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/112024-01-23T20:02:06Z2024-01-23T20:02:06ZUNDERSTANDING HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES OF LESSER HIMALAYAN HILLSLOPESNANDA, ALIVAhttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/155632023-06-30T11:55:38Z2021-02-01T00:00:00ZTitle: UNDERSTANDING HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES OF LESSER HIMALAYAN HILLSLOPES
Authors: NANDA, ALIVA
Abstract: The understudied Himalayan region is susceptible to various natural calamities. Thus,
a detailed understanding of the hydrology of the Lesser Himalayan region is the need of
today's time. In developing countries like India, eld experiments for studying detailed
hydrological processes (i.e., understanding runo generation processes, controlling parameters
of runo and interaction between di erent hydrological processes in ne temporal and
spatial resolution) are rare. The present study is the rst study in the Lesser Himalayan
region to analyze the detailed hydrological processes at plot- and hillslope-scales. The study
focuses on plot-scale hydrological processes using the HYDRUS-2D overland
ow module,
hillslope runo connectivity, and thresholds controlling hillslope runo processes. Moreover,
the current study analyses the interaction between soil temperature, soil moisture, and
rainfall intensity. The current research was carried out in Aglar experimental watershed.
This watershed is located in thatyur region of Uttarakhand, India.
In the rst phase, plot-scale process understanding was studied using the collected
hydrological datasets, which was recorded under arti cial rainfall conditions using a portable
rainfall simulator at an altitude of 1,230 m above mean sea level. The in ltration-excess
was found to be the dominant overland
ow mechanism as only a few layers of top soil
get saturated during all of the rainfall-runo experiments. The runo , rainfall, and soil
moisture data were subsequently used to calibrate the van Genuchten parameters of the
HYDRUS-2D overland
ow module to simulate the runo hydrograph and soil moisture.
The kinematic wave equation is used in this module to describe the in ltration-excess runo
mechanism. The components of hydrograph were evaluated in terms of peak discharge,
runo volume, and time of concentration. The average NSE and RMSE of all the simulated
hydrographs were found to be 0.84 and 0.03, respectively. Similarly, the RMSE of simulated
soil moisture was observed to be less than 0.06. The model produced satisfactory simulation
results of soil moisture and runo hydrograph for all of the rainfall-runo experiments. The
HYDRUS-2D overland
ow module was found promising to simulate the runo hydrograph
and soil moisture in plot-scale research.2021-02-01T00:00:00ZIMPACT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE ON DROUGHTS OVER INDIAGupta, Vivekhttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/155152023-06-22T12:36:05Z2019-10-01T00:00:00ZTitle: IMPACT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE ON DROUGHTS OVER INDIA
Authors: Gupta, Vivek
Abstract: The alteration of the hydrological cycle due to climate change and rapid growth in demand for
freshwater due to population growth has posed increasingly complex challenges related to water
resources management in 21st century (Goyal & Surampalli, 2018). The problem is more
concerning in the developing countries such as India which has the second-largest population in
the world with more than 1.3 Billion people living in highly population-dense environment.
Moreover, 59% of the total workforce in India is dependent on agriculture, and almost 70 percent
of rural households are primarily dependent on agriculture and its allied sector to make a living
(FAO, 2019). The significant dependence of such a large number of people on agriculture makes
India significantly vulnerable to climate change and extreme hydro-meteorological events such as
floods and droughts.
Drought is a state of environment which represents the deficiency in the water availability for a
prolonged period. Each year many parts of the world face drought. Hazard caused by drought costs
more than any other natural calamity. United States suffers approximately $6-8 billion loss per
year due to drought hazard which was as high as $40 billion in 1988. In 1980s drought has killed
over half a million people in Africa. Severe droughts of 1910s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were
followed by famine in Sahel nation of Africa. In 2009-2010 China experienced a severe drought
which affected almost 21 million people and caused an economic loss of over $30 billion (Yang
et al., 2012). The drought situation in many European countries is becoming more severe with time
(Hisdal et al., 2001). However, the negative impacts of drought can be alleviated with careful
monitoring and efficient planning.
India faces one drought in approximately every three years. The frequency of drought has been
reported to increase in various parts of the world, however, for India not much emphasis has been
given previously toward the assessment of future droughts. Therefore, the major focus of this study
is to develop a framework and enhance the methodological aspects of drought modelling to
understand the changing nature of drought conditions over India under changing climatic
conditions for different development pathways.2019-10-01T00:00:00ZIMPACTS OF ENSO AND IOD ON THE INDIAN RAINFALLRaghuwanshi, Shubhamhttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/154172023-07-19T12:30:48Z2015-05-01T00:00:00ZTitle: IMPACTS OF ENSO AND IOD ON THE INDIAN RAINFALL
Authors: Raghuwanshi, Shubham
Abstract: Water is vital to life. India is an agriculture based economy more than 50
percent of the population dependents on the agriculture. More than 60 percent of
agricultural land is rain fed. The main source of water is summer monsoon rainfall as
78 percent of total annual rainfall occurs in the monsoon period. Though the summer
monsoon rainfall varies on inter annual basis. The variation in the summer monsoon is
modulated by two phenomena El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and recently
discovered Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).
We used lITM rainfall data, Aphrodite's gridded precipitation data and
TRMM rainfall data. To study the impact of ENSO and IOD on the Indian rainfall.
Temporal as well as spatial variation of rainfall due to ENSO and IOD is studied.
Their Impact on extreme rain events, relation of intensity is also studied.
The results suggest that ENSO greatly influenced the Indian Summer
* Monsoon Rainfall in the last century. ENSO can attribute nearly 20 percent of the
variance in the ISMR. The relation is changing now, influence of ENSO is getting
weaker while that of IOD is increasing since past two decades. The impact of ENSO
as well as IOD varies spatially throughout the country. Some parts have more impact
other have lesser. Their impact on EREs is also varies spatially. There is no profound
impact is observed on the intensity of rainfall.
Hence in the agricultural planning and in management of water resources. The
knowledge of ISMR relation with ENSO and IOD can very useful to water managers
and for well-being of 1.2 billion people of the country.2015-05-01T00:00:00ZGROUNDWATER PROTECTION PLANNING: A CASE STUDY FROM SAHARANPUR CITY U.P.Tungaria, Manishhttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/153972023-07-19T13:36:18Z2015-05-01T00:00:00ZTitle: GROUNDWATER PROTECTION PLANNING: A CASE STUDY FROM SAHARANPUR CITY U.P.
Authors: Tungaria, Manish
Abstract: In the present case study, impact of urbanization and industrial development on the shallow groundwater regime of Saharanpur town of lJttar Pradesh in India is examined with the aim of planning groundwater protection for better governance. An assessment of' ground water vulnerability using the well known DRASTIC method has confirmed that the shallow groundwater in some central and southern localities of Saharanpur town fall in the Medium risk zones. Further, using field data of 32 electrical resistivity soundings, the protective capacity of the unconfined aquifer is assessed in terms of a total longitudinal conductance' of' the semipervious to impervious sediments overlying the unconfined aquifer. A ground water protection planning map prepared by combining the I)RASTIC map and the Potentially Hazardous Pollutants' map has brought out the need to install eleven new groundwater quality monitoring wells in the town at locations near the line sources and point sources of pollution. In the present study an effort has been made to depict these conditions using a mechanistic model to study the behavior of moisture movement and solute migration to the underlying shallow groundwater resources. Simulation has also been done for moisture and solute tiow at twelve different point locations in the study area. The simulation employs the widely used Richards equation for moisture flow in the porous formation and fickian based adjective-dispersive equation for solute transport. The assigned physical or hydraulic parameters like moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, curve fitting parameters are used to be representative of actual subsurface conditions so as to replicate the natural process as closely as possible. 'I'he simulation is performed for transient flux boundary condition. The time required by solute to travel from surface to the underground water resources until its peak concentration is taken as an indicator of vulnerability. The results show a higher vulnerability in the some central and southern region of'the study area and lower vulnerability in north-eastern and northern part. This can be attributed to lower water table depths, less runoff and higher hydraulic conductivity of the Vadose zone material in the central part of' study area. l'he north eastern part being higher slope and greater depths to water table is having lowest vulnerability.2015-05-01T00:00:00Z