DSpace Community:http://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/12023-12-30T03:25:55Z2023-12-30T03:25:55ZCHARACTERIZATION OF URBAN CANOPY PARAMETERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SPATIALLY VARIABLE URBAN CLIMATE INDICATORSGupta, Kshamahttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/155612023-06-25T12:24:40Z2019-06-01T00:00:00ZTitle: CHARACTERIZATION OF URBAN CANOPY PARAMETERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SPATIALLY VARIABLE URBAN CLIMATE INDICATORS
Authors: Gupta, Kshama
Abstract: Urban areas occupy 3% of ice free land area but are cumulatively responsible for emission of
75% of Green House Gases (GHGs), therefore contribute significantly in global warming.
Developing regions are expected to house nearly 90% of future growth by 2050 with 35% of the
growth concentrated in just three countries – India, China and Nigeria. Apart from the high
pressure of urban growth in these regions, inadequate infrastructure and lack of implementation
of planned urban development is going to exacerbate a number of climatic and environmental
problems such as heat stress, air pollution, global warming, and increased use of artificial energy,
storm water runoff, and overall environmental degradation in these regions. Increased frequency
of natural disasters and extreme weather events in these regions calls for scientific understanding
of impact of urban areas on climate and vice versa to ensure sustainable development and to
mitigate climate change impacts.
Lack of information on Urban Canopy Parameters (UCPs) is considered as one of the major
reason behind limited urban climate research and modeling in developing regions. Availability
of detailed information on UCPs is critical for urban climate studies as well as for implementation
of recent Urban Canopy Models (UCMs) for scientific understanding of climatic phenomenon in
these regions. Urban Canopy parameters define those characteristics of urban built form which
has direct or indirect bearing on urban climate. Most of the studies in developed world have
utilised 3D GIS database either developed from ground survey or remotely sensed data such as
Aerial Photographs, Airborne LiDAR and high resolution InSAR data for retrieval of UCPs.
However, nonexistence of 3D GIS database and non-availability of above RS datasets in
developing regions necessitates to employ widely available alternative datasets for retrieval of
UCPs. Hence, this study focuses on retrieval of UCPs by employing Very High Resolution
Satellite (VHRS) optical stereo data in highly dense and complex urban environment of Delhi,
India. Not many studies have explored the use of VHRS data for extraction of UCPs, however,
the repeat availability, extensive coverage and low cost makes this data much suitable for
generation of UCPs. It further dwells into the demonstration of retrieved UCPs for urban climatic
applications in the study region.
Although, the impact of 3D UCPs on urban climate is significant and it is considered as one of
the main contributor to UHI phenomenon. However, a very few studies have analyzed
relationship of 3D UCPs such as building height, frontal area index, floor area ratio and sky view
factor with spatially variable climate indicators such as RS derived Land Surface Temperature
Characterization of urban canopy parameters and their relationship with spatially variable urban climate indicators
Kshama Gupta, 12910002, Ph.D. (2018-2019), IITR vi
(LST) and it remained largely unexplored even for the regions having highly planned urban
infrastructure Hence, the study also aims to analyze the relationship of generated UCPs especially
3D UCPs with spatially variable climate indicators.
The Delhi Urban Agglomeration (UA) , which is the third largest UA of the world and largest
UA of the India, has been selected as the study area due to its sprawled, highly heterogeneous
and complex development characteristics of urban built form, high air pollution levels, high
anthropogenic pressure and challenging composite climate.
A novel step-by step methodology have been developed in this study to extract key UCPs such
as building height, building surface fraction and wall area ratio from VHRS optical stereo data
in complex urban environment of study region. Photogrammetric processing of VHRS optical
stereo data (Pleiades1A/1B) have been carried out to obtain Digital Surface Model (DSM),
Digital Terrain Model (DTM), normalized DSM (nDSM) and ortho images which have been
further employed to retrieve key UCPs . The nDSM contains the height of all above ground
objects that includes vegetation, building and all elevated objects. The key UCPs thus retrieved
have been employed to compute other UCPs in complex urban environment of Delhi. The
validation of key UCPs derived through VHR optical stereo images have shown good accuracy
with ground measurements. The Mean error, RMSE and MAE for building heights has been
found to be less than 1 m and Cumulative Random Error (CRE) ranged from 2.5% to 9.9% in
high rise to low rise development respectively. The other key UCPs such as Land Use Land cover
(Accuracy ~ 85%), Building Surface Fraction (BSF) (Accuracy ~84.27%) and SVF (RMSE-
0.046 and correlation-0.94) also displayed reasonable accuracy. It renders VHR optical stereo
data a good choice for generation of UCPs especially in a highly heterogeneous urban built-up
environment.
Characterization of UCPs in the study region revealed highly dense, heterogeneous and sprawled
character which has significant impact on urban climate. High Building Surface Fraction value
(>0.6) in more than 35% of built-up area has shown high building density while distribution of
Mean building height in study area revealed a highly sprawled character of the study region as
nearly 96% of buildings falls in the height range of 3 -21m. Only 4% of buildings have height
more than 21m and building with more than 30 m in height are very few and are mainly found in
the peripheral region. Nearly 50% of built-up area has standard deviation of building height more
than 2 which is indicative of highly heterogeneous and complex development in the study region.
Characterization of urban canopy parameters and their relationship with spatially variable urban climate indicators
Kshama Gupta, 12910002, Ph.D. (2018-2019), IITR vii
Generated UCPs were further utilized to demonstrate few applications of UCPs such as
Ventilation assessment and GIS based Local Climate Zone (LCZ) map which can be utilized to
understand and characterize the urban climate phenomenon as well as for urban climate research
and modeling. The pixel based classification methodology proposed by World Urban database
and Access Portal Tool (WUDAPT), which have been widely applied to collect data on urban
form and function by utilizing free RS datasets and GIS software, provided poor accuracy
(overall accuracy -49.43% and kappa ~0.46) of LCZ classification in the complex urban
environment of study area. However, GIS based LCZ maps generated from application of
detailed UCPs displayed high accuracy of classification (overall Accuracy >85% and kappa
~0.86) not only for the entire classification but even for each LCZ class.
Analysis of ventilation path maps showed merely 17% of built-up area as ventilated area. More
than 45% area falls under weak or blocked ventilation and nearly 38% area is partially ventilated.
The ventilation map of Delhi clearly brings out the lack of adequate ventilation in the study area
which makes the city prone to severe air pollution in winter season and high UHI conditions. The
unavailability of proper ventilation corridors retards the air flow within the built-up area resulted
in very weak circulation and thereby restricts the continuous flow and exchange of fresh air in
these regions.
The spatially variable climate indicators (LST, temperature at 2m and wind speed at 10m) for the
assessment of relationship with UCPs, ventilation assessment and LCZ map have been obtained
from Landsat 8 and WRF simulations. The primary results of UCPs-LST relationship revealed
strong correlation with 2D UCPS while 3D UCPs other than building height and surface
roughness length did not show strong correlation. For 3D UCPs, complete temperature data cube
in horizontal as well as vertical direction may help in analyzing the relationship. The key UCPs
which exhibited strong relationship with LST were utilized to analyze the variability of Surface
Urban Heat Island (SUHI) across all four seasons in a year. SUHI intensities was found to be
maximum during winter season while lowest during post-monsoon season across all UCPs.
The ventilation–LST relationship in study area revealed an interesting finding that well ventilated
area has mean lower temperature and higher mean wind speed as compared to weak ventilation
area. The difference in the mean temperature of both the classes were highest in monsoon season
which raises serious concerns regarding the thermal comfort in built-up area. Although, the study
area is mostly dry during the year, but, in monsoon season humidity level is more than 80% and
slight increase in temperature leads to substantial increase in thermal stress. Analysis of GIS
Characterization of urban canopy parameters and their relationship with spatially variable urban climate indicators
Kshama Gupta, 12910002, Ph.D. (2018-2019), IITR viii
based LCZ map with LST of all four seasons revealed that all the built-up LCZ classes other than
open low rise and sparsely built LCZ exhibited more temperature than mean LST is all seasons.
However, out of all built-up classes’ heavy industry, large low rise and compact low rise
exhibited maximum deviations from mean LST for most of the seasons.
The study recommends the use of VHRS optical stereo data for retrieval of 2D as well as 3D
UCPs in complex and heterogeneous urban environment of developing regions. This is the next
best suitable alternative available in the absence of Airborne LiDAR and aerial images data in
the developing regions. Similarly, study also recommends use of retrieved UCPs for ventilation
assessment and GIS based LCZ map in developing regions. Availability of information on UCPs
has substantial potential for understanding the climate characteristics of urban areas in
developing regions, carrying out urban climate research, improved modeling of urban climate
phenomenon and climate oriented urban planning to mitigate climate change impacts and to
ensure sustainable development.2019-06-01T00:00:00ZDEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT STRATEGIES FOR A LOW CARBON URBAN ENVIRONMENTSingh, Poojahttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/155602023-06-25T12:26:20Z2019-07-01T00:00:00ZTitle: DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT STRATEGIES FOR A LOW CARBON URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Singh, Pooja
Abstract: Unchecked growth of urban population has put forth tremendous demand for infrastructure and resulting in mismatch between demand and supply of transport infrastructure leading to delays, fuel loss, air and noise pollution , accidents and loss of productive time and energy. On account of this growth, it is very critical to develop a sustainable transport solution, which can create value for all stakeholders in a sustainable manner through creating and adopting safe, reliable, fast, economic and environmentally friendly transport options for all sections of society.
The objectives of present research are (1) to assess existing condition of the transport system and impact of socio-economic characteristics and user behaviour on sustainable transport strategies, (2) to develop a multi criteria development method (MCDM) framework for evaluating alternative sustainable transportation strategies for a city, (3) to evolve an emission estimation framework for road transport vehicles and identify strategy to reduce carbon emission through scenario analysis, (4) to suggest proposals, policy measures and improvement schemes to achieve environmentally and socially sustainable transport system. The capital of Uttarakhand, Dehradun has been chosen as a case study for the development of sustainable transport strategies for low carbon urban environment. Dehradun, a city with the population of 5.68 lacs in 2011, ranked 31th most populated city in the world (WHO, 2018) and urban transportation is the major factor for contributing in pollution; exceeding the limit of ambient air quality index in most of the city areas.
Due to its location advantage, there is a considerable influx of population from the surrounding regions. Being home to a number of prestigious institutions and with its large tourism potential, the existing transport infrastructure of Dehradun requires substantial augmentation. The stress on transport infrastructure is causing congestion, reduced mobility, and rising air and noise pollution levels. Therefore, analysis of projects/ programs/ plans needs to be carried out before implementation to ensure that it will not in any way harm the environment, society on a short or long-term basis.
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Through comprehensive literature review, the concept and definition of sustainable transportation, the issues, and challenges for sustainable urban transport and sustainable transport practice in India and worldwide were identified with available approaches and models for evaluation and estimation of strategy.
In order to assess the existing condition of the public transport system in the city, relevant data required was collected as per the guidelines of the Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) handbook issued by MoUD (Ministry of Urban Development). The data could either be taken through previous studies, secondary sources or captured through specific primary surveys, and to understand the existing condition of the present transport pattern and human behavior, the data on various qualitative parameters affecting the urban mobility has been collected objectively and subjectively. The objective data collected in terms of observation survey and subjectively based on the questionnaire survey. A random survey has been conducted on 300 stakeholders. The study investigates relationships between people's perception of the influencing parameters of the strategies. The result proves that when parameters are judged on a rating scale, the user behavior towards sustainable transport is revealed. The study supports the need to frame strategies to evaluate in a sustainability framework.
The study develops a hierarchy framework to improve urban mobility using a Multi-Criteria Decision Method (AHP) to generate priorities from experts for various criteria and sub-criteria that affects the sustainable choice of urban mobility. Out of 6 identified alternate strategies, enhancement in public transportation in the city is the most sustainable strategy followed by transit-oriented development and non-motorised transport.
The study estimated the emission in present and 4 proposed scenarios in Dehradun city. The best possible emission reduction scenario is proposed for the city. The proposed methodology for emission estimation is developed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and used in various researches to estimate the emission load in the urban area. With the help of the proposed methodology, the effect on existing transport and proposed transport or scenarios has been estimated. A questionnaire survey has been carried out on a selected corridor to know the percentage of mode shift to proposed mode/scenario through which emission has been calculated
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against each scenario and compared it with the base scenario. The study recommended personal rapid transit in the study area. It would cover major routes and cater to the need of student, shopping and work trips. It will work as a feeder service as well to the Mass transit system in the future.
Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to determine the emission changes in different percentage of commuter shift, the effect of fuel type and vehicle technology.Genetic algorithim (GA) has been used to predict number of different categories of vehicles and their distribution in order to minimise CO2 emission in the city.. It will help to determine the policy to reduce the carbon footprint in the city.
Finally, the study proposes various measures and recommendations for sustainable mobility in the city. Paltan Pazar should be developed as a pedestrianized zone.To reduce the encroachment on road, pathways are provided with a guardrail to reduce access to it. Crosswalks are proposed for pedestrians at all intersection. Grade separate crosswalks are proposed where space is limited. This research shall helps urban and transport planner to analyse the impact of the project before implementation.2019-07-01T00:00:00ZCRITICAL REGIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARY INDIAN ARCHITECTUREBagha, Sanyamhttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/155592023-06-25T12:27:36Z2019-10-01T00:00:00ZTitle: CRITICAL REGIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARY INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Bagha, Sanyam
Abstract: The universal ideas and principles of modernist architecture have often been employed uncritically without consideration of regional peculiarities, leading to culturally and climatically inappropriate architecture which is unable to engage its occupants in a meaningful manner. As a consequence, many considerate architects have started combining ideas and principles of traditional architecture with the progressive ideas of modernisation to conceive architecture that tackles region-specific issues like climate-responsiveness and sociocultural appropriateness of built-forms.Architecture in the latter half of the twentieth-century witnessed a continuing endeavour to reconcile modernity and tradition. The term ‘critical regionalism’ has been used to describe the architectural approach that distils the underlying principles of traditional architecture and blends them with the latest construction technologies to create architecture that truly represents our time. Even though the term ‘critical regionalism’ was coined in the 1980s, its ideas have been pursued around the world since the 1950s in the work of architects like Alvar Aalto (Finland), Jørn Utzon (Denmark) and Luis Barragán (Mexico) (Figure 1).
In India, as early as the 1960s, architects like Charles Correa and Joseph Allen Stein had begun pursuing the ideas of critical regionalism by situating their built-forms within the context of the locale. Thereafter, architects like Balkrishna Doshi, Raj Rewal, Hasmukh Patel and Uttam Jain started incorporating the ideas of critical regionalism in their designs to counter the homogenisation of architecture brought by modernism. By the 1980s, architectural regionalism in India reached its peak as buildings fulfilling a wide variety of programmes embodied a reaction to local culture, technology and climate.However, with the liberalisation of the Indian economy in the 1990s, global capital transplanted the ubiquitous air-conditioned curtain glass building to India. Eventually though, the inappropriateness of the glass curtain wall to the climate and culture of India engendered a strong reaction among certain Indian architects, reviving their interest in critical regionalism. Architects like Shirish Beri, Ashok B Lall, Sanjay Mohe and Chitra Vishwanath have carried forward the ideas of critical regionalism to the twenty-first century (Figure 2). Lately, more and more architectural practices have emerged in India that relate their designs to the deeper sensibilities and tangible realities of the place.2019-10-01T00:00:00ZENERGY MANAGEMENT IN JAIPUR CITY, INDIAKumar, Nandhttp://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/154752023-06-16T12:18:01Z2016-03-01T00:00:00ZTitle: ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN JAIPUR CITY, INDIA
Authors: Kumar, Nand
Abstract: Energy is ability to do work or to bring about changes. Energy exist in many forms, such as heat,
light, chemical and electrical energy. Cities are the engines of economic growth. However,
energy is the basic input required for making the cities as engines of economic growth. The cities
consume more quantity of energy, produce more output and thereby, pave the wave for economic
development. Similarly, the country, which consume more quantity of energy, shows more
progress in economic growth and development, whereas the less developed countries consume
lesser amount of energy and produce lesser amount of output and there by confined within the
basket of the less developed countries. A wide disparity is observed between energy consumption
and economic development among various countries in the world. The richest 20 per cent of the
world's population consume 55 per cent of the world's total final energy and the rest 80 per cent
of the global population use only the leftover 45 percent of final energy, which shows that the
richest countries consume huge quantity of energy compared to the less developed countries and
remains as rich countries.
The energy situation in different states of India is having similar character of rich and poor
countries energy position across the globe. The developed states in India are having different
countries compared to the developing states; pertain to electricity generation from various
sources; energy consumption, application of technology in energy generation and energy
consumption; application of different appliances at household level, which consume electrical
energy in particular and other energy sources in general since it is purely associated with the
economic strength. Further, the same phenomena is percolated at the grassroots level, like in
cities, in towns and even in villages in different states. Jaipur City, the study area, is not an
exceptional one in this regard. Therefore, Jaipur City is chosen for conducting the present
investigation.
The investigator studied the energy situation in Jaipur City, held discussion with experts in
energy management at the city level; Scientists those who are working in the field of energy
management in different laboratories and schools; administrative officers, who deal energy and
its associated activities in Jaipur City, and thereby understood the magnitude of the problems
pertaining to energy management in the study area. Thereafter extensive amount of literature
pertaining to energy scene in different places of the country, overall scene in India, and energy
scene in different parts of the globe; energy scene in national level, regional level and global
level have been studied to understand various aspects of energy management, and thereby by
research gap in field of energy management is identified. The present investigation aims at to
evolve a plausible energy management model in Jaipur City, which is much useful for achieving
integrated and sustainable development. This investigation required upto date data at the
grassroots level to understand the behaviour of the system in the study area. Having this
requirement, a research schedule was prepared based on the aims and objectives of the
investigation, pretested at the grassroots level in the study area, modified the schedule in
accordance with the requirement, and further used the schedule to conduct the survey in the
chosen 684 households by employing appropriate sampling techniques in the study area. The
data collected at the grassroots level by employing the schedules are vetted to avoid the biasness,
errors, etc., and transferred the data into code sheets, subsequently to the computer for analysis.
SPSS and Excel Software are used for tabulation, correlation and multiple regression analysis
and also doing graphical analysis. STELLA software is employed to develop to mathematical
models by employing System Dynamic Techniques. Multiple regression models and system
dynamic models are developed in this present investigation and employed to understand the
association between the variables, and also to understand to behaviour of the system in different
alternative conditions by considering energy as the catalyst for the development of the system.
At the outset, the control parameters which decide the functions of the system are identified by
employing multiple regression technique, and thereafter the same control parameters are
employed along with few other variables to develop the energy management model by employing
system dynamic technique. The developed energy management model was validated, used for
forecasting, and thereby projected year model was developed for the year 2031 A.D.
Subsequently, various scenarios were developed and tested in the projected year model to
understand the functions of the system in different alternative conditions. A scenario, which
yielded good results among all the tested scenarios is selected for further analysis, and a set of
policy guidelines (energy management model) is evolved and recommended for achieving
integrated and sustainable development of the system.2016-03-01T00:00:00Z